 Image Courtesy: Airbus DISCUSSION: Often many do not see the connection between aviation and meteorology, there can be a basic assumption that aircraft can withstand a wide variety of weather phenomena, which is often true but some are lacking in overall capability. In addition to specialized instruments needed for aircraft, basic meteorology is on the forefront of a major phenomena that most airline passengers typically ask meteorologists about, turbulence.
According to the American Meteorological Society, aircraft turbulence is, “ irregular motion of an aircraft in flight, especially when characterized by rapid up-and-down motion, caused by a rapid variation of atmospheric wind velocities.” Which, “this can occur in cloudy areas (particularly towering cumulus and lenticular clouds) and in clear air. Turbulence is the leading cause of nonfatal passenger and flight attendant injuries. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) classifies aircraft turbulence as follows:
While there are a variety of aircraft that do not have operational limitations, some aircraft such as the Canadair (CRJ) 200 or Embraer (ERJ) 140/45, often must remain grounded (until weather should pass) due to lack of ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) (CRJ 200), and weight and balance issues. Aircraft and its flight are also limited to the use of visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR) based on aircraft and pilot ratings. Turbulence is by far one of the most noticeable connections between aviation and meteorology, of course behind the use of air as a fluid, the forces of flight and Bernoulli’s Principle. As we investigate turbulence, we can often just deduce that turbulence is the flow of atmospheric winds due to the rising and sinking of air in the atmosphere. Should we further explore wind in turbulent flow we can consider that all turbulence is, is atmospheric motion, and as height increased, pressure typically decreases, with wind increasing, creating various components of vertical motion going on while moving horizontally in the atmosphere within an aircraft. Airbus has created the A220-100, built as the smallest jetliner in the Airbus family, designed to serve the 100-135 seat market, in addition to the A220-300 to serve the 130-160 market. These new aircraft are attempting to put down the days of the MD-80, and B717 while providing an economical and efficient aircraft, compared to previous iterations. What is of note is its turbulence avoidance technology which according to CBS News, “shows pilots where the smooth air is by crowdsourcing data from all of Delta's aircraft.” Pilots are hailing this new technology, rather than attempting to maneuver the aircraft to find it, it can be found on the instrument panel. In addition to this valuable technology the aircraft was designed for hot, and high, city-like environments, an ideal aircraft for places like Phoenix’s Sky Harbor International Airport where extreme temperatures often limit aircraft arrivals and departures in the summer months. For further information on aviation and weather visit the Global Weather and Climate Center! © 2019 Meteorologist Jessica Olsen Resources: “A220-100.” Airbus, Airbus, www.airbus.com/aircraft/passenger-aircraft/a220-family/a220-100.html. Van Cleave, Kris. “Delta's New Airbus A220 Features Wider Coach Seats and Turbulence Avoidance Technology.” CBS News, CBS News, 28 Dec. 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/new-delta-airbus-a220-features-wider-coach-seats-turbulence-avoidance-tech/.
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 DISCUSSION: As more and more people find various needs to travel via commercial aviation from around the globe, there is an increased demand for there to be more and more flights offered to various destinations around the world. There is no question that this increased flight demand puts substantial strain on Earth-bound fossil fuel resources which are continuing to be depleted at a greater and greater rate with every passing day, month, and year. Having said that, in a modern era which we are living in where we have direct access to cutting-edge fuel-based technologies, there is much more that mankind can still do to offset the tremendous environmental impacts which are imposed by global commercial and private aviation. For starters, several airplane manufacturing companies have already begun in earnest with the development of new and innovative aircraft and aircraft engine designs to greatly improve the overall fuel efficiency of various aircraft types.
However, even with the reduction of the impact of commercial and private global aviation flight demands in terms of the net fuel consumption issues, there is still more which can and is starting to be done behind the scenes. For example, as the story attached in the link below reflects, there are several different ways in which global aviation companies and component developers thereof can make further progress in how aviation can evolve as we continue moving further into the 21st century. In light of large amounts of scientists also traveling to global science research conferences around the world on a yearly basis such as the American Meteorological Society's 99th Annual Meeting being held in Phoenix, Arizona here in the 1st to 2nd week of January here in 2019, this is most certainly a relevant and a hot-button topic without question. Whether it is developing solar cell-based technologies or water and hydrogen-based fuel technologies, there is a tremendous amount of current and future versatility which will be possible for the continued improvement of mitigating environmental impacts of air travel. Having said that, it is still important to point out the fact that the best way to limit any individual impact to Earth’s global carbon footprint is to limit the amount of flying which is done. When you can, try to utilize other means of travel which have somewhat less of a net carbon impact on planet Earth which is also referenced in a bit greater detail in the article attached below. Having said that, the development of more modern aircraft such as the Airbus A350-900 and newer versions of the Airbus A-330 are most certainly a step in the right direction. To learn more about this particular article which was courtesy of dw.com, click here! To learn more about other neat aviation topics from around the world, click here! © 2019 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  DISCUSSION: Around the world every day, there are major issues when it comes to airports and private and/or commercial aircraft dealing with various types of fog. First and foremost, the more common types of fog which include ground fog and advection fog, will often create substantially reduced visibilities in and around area airports during such circumstances. Reduced visibilities are a major hazard to approaching and departing aircraft since such conditions can make simple aircraft functionality a very dangerous precedent. More specifically, when it comes to flying through or around fog banks early in the morning or at night, there can often be points at which the fog is present at variable concentrations from top to bottom. For that reason, the idea of flying through a fog bank can be even more concerning since the unpredictable variability of a fog bank’s thickness can lead to a pilot or set of pilots being unable to see the runway.
Even with state-of-the-art technologies built into modern aircraft and various tools which allow pilots to more easily handle flying through various types of inclement weather, deep fog can still be especially dangerous to any type of private or commercial aircraft. Therefore, any time that pilots are confronted with situations which involve deep fog banks and must abort an approach and landing at a given airport, do not get frustrated with your pilots since there is a good chance that they had a very legitimate reason for aborting the landing and making another approach from a different direction. Another issue tied to the presence of fog and corresponding flight delays is very much like the issues faced by airports with any other type of inclement weather situation. That is, the reality that any situations involving persistent fog will often lead to scenarios where there are corresponding flight delays. Thus, a deep, persistent fog bank can create substantial regional, national, or possibly even global flight delay issues for some period as a result of passengers not being able to make subsequent flights and planes being forced to wait for the arrival of large numbers of passengers from delayed flights. Thus, this just goes to show that there is always a corresponding impact which can be observed in a statistical manner with respect to flight delays from regional fog events. To learn more about other global aviation topics, be sure to click here! © 2019 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  DISCUSSION: Every day around the world, millions and millions of people travel via private and/or commercial aircraft to get to various places they need to travel to for business or leisure. Thus, it goes without saying that the international aviation network is a complex organism which needs near-constant attention from global air traffic control networks. Whenever there are “disturbances” which impact any part of the global aviation network, there are always consequential “ripples” in the timing of departing and arriving aircraft and corresponding connecting flights. One such example of this issue has to do with the impact that sandstorms have on private and commercial aviation.
To elaborate on this issue, whenever airports across the Southwest United States, the Middle East, and other places around the world are impacted by sandstorms which are induced by stronger winds which push across desert or desert-like regions, there are some major issues which arise. First off, whenever sandstorms impact airports, there is a substantial impact on local and potentially regional visibility extent. For this reason, this makes the paths for departing and arriving aircraft much more dangerous since pilots of any aircraft will not be able to see critical airports markers and lights as they attempt to taxi to the runway or approaching the start of the runway. Another issue when it comes to taking off or landing on a given runway within a progressing sandstorm is the fact that sandstorm will often bring with them very unpredictable wind flow patterns. Thus, the corresponding erratic wind speeds and directions within a given sandstorm has the potential to create incredibly hazardous cross-winds which can make the dangerous unpredictable wind flow regimes as well as the greatly reduced visibilities a seriously life-threatening situation when it comes to general aviation interests. One of the other primary issues which can sometimes arise when it comes to sandstorm impacts on aviation is the inherent associated with damage to aircraft and aircraft engines. When sandstorms impact various sized aircraft either on the ground or even more so in the air, the high speed of the aircraft combined with the effective “pelting” of the sand particles on the fuselage, the wings, or even the engines of the aircraft can have a substantial impact on the physical integrity of the engine components which help to power major parts and functions of any aircraft. Depending on how the size of the sand particles are distributed within a given sandstorm, the fan blades of many turbofan engines can often be damaged by ingesting too much sand within a given sandstorm event. Thus, it goes without saying that sandstorms can have profound impacts on general aviation safety. To learn more about other global aviation topics, be sure to click here! © 2019 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  DISCUSSION: During a typical Winter Storm, there is no question that one of the biggest stresses for world travelers are the impacts delivered to the global aviation network. First and foremost, one of the biggest threats to both private and commercial aviation threats is the inherent threat tied to both ground and in-flight icing which can unfold do to snow and ice accumulating on aircraft bodies and wings as well. The reason for why this is so hazardous to aircraft of any kind is because any accumulation of snow and/or ice can often lead to a loss of stable flight via a disruption of even, balanced airflow over the length of the wings as well as a common imbalance in the distribution of weight via ice accumulation during a given flight.
To dive deeper into this process courtesy of the How Stuff Works website, “Deicing agents are compounds made up of the chemical glycol and water. Glycol lowers the freezing point of the solvent, water. The agents are used in different formulations for different weather conditions, but whatever the formulation, the compound is applied in the same way. It is heated and sprayed through a hose over an airplane to remove snow, ice or frost. Pilots make the call for deicing when necessary and oversee the process, which must be done in accordance with detailed Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rules. In fact, the FAA rules chapter on deicing runs more than 30 pages and covers everything from makeup and handling of the deicing compound to its application, how quickly it must be applied and the documentation required following each deicing occurrence. Speed and thoroughness are essential in applying deicer. As such, applications must be performed in a timely and well-ordered fashion, with an eye on what's called holdover time, the amount of time following deicing before the plane has iced-over again and must be re-treated. Holdover time varies based on the makeup of the compound and is set by the fluid manufacturer. With deicing compounds costing upwards of $5 per gallon, the procedure can cost thousands of dollars (factoring in handling and storage costs), so it's essential that holdover times not be exceeded. Holdover time also explains why deicing is performed after everyone is on board and the plane is otherwise ready to take off. Holdover time may only be a few minutes, so the plane must be ready to taxi onto the runway and get into the air soon after deicers are applied. Deicing agents are generally not designed to keep ice or frost from re-forming on the plane. So, if snow, sleet or freezing rain is actively falling as an airplane is being deiced, the plane may also need an anti-icing application to keep ice from re-forming before the plane takes off. Anti-icing fluids are also made up of glycol and water, but with a higher concentration of glycol than deicing fluids. A thickening agent is added to help the compound adhere to the plane as it takes off.” Thus, this explanation just goes to show that even during the heart of the worst Winter storms which you may face in life, it is imperative to always be understanding when it comes to ground-stops which may come to reality at a given airport. Namely, since many larger airports cannot always keep up with icing both on the aircraft and the wings of aircraft both on the ground and in the air. Hence, the phrase “patience is a virtue” will often come into play during the cold days of Winter. To learn more about other interesting aviation topics, be sure to click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  DISCUSSION: There is no question whatsoever that there is a lot of mystery when it comes to understanding various things about the aviation industry. One such mystery is all about what it takes to fly a plane under different types of low and/or mid-level environmental conditions. This difference primarily has to do with whether a pilot or co-pilot of a given aircraft is flying under IFR or VFR flight rules. That is whether a situation has sufficiently clear and calm conditions for a given pilot to steer a plane via natural eye-sight abilities or if a pilot needs to rely on aircraft-based instrumentation as well as regional air-traffic controller (ATC) staff members at a given airport.
Attached above is a short video briefing detailing the most important differences between IFR and VFR flight rules to learn more about these unique differences. To learn more about this topic via the original article, feel free to click here! To learn more about other interesting aviation-based topics/issues from around the world, be sure to click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  DISCUSSION: During a given Winter season, there is no question that various types of wintry weather can have a profound impact on aviation. For example, during icing events, there are often major delays which are created across the aviation industry. The reason for this is a result of the fact that as ice accumulates on both airport runways and aircraft of all sizes, this makes for an increasingly more hazardous situation for both crew and passengers alike. One of the key factors involved in creating a safe environment for both takeoffs and landings is the presence of enough friction between aircraft tires and tarmac as well as the corresponding runways which given aircraft will taking off from and landing on.
Hence, during an ice storm, this reality is often not met and thus, will quite often lead to massive flight delays and/or cancellations across the industry as a result of global aircraft route “ripple effect” which occurs. This a big part of the reason for why even though a snowstorm may impact only region of the United States or a specific section of Europe, the regional delays and/or cancellations create a chain reaction on a global scale which ultimately acts to “ground” other people both around the country and around the world. In addition, during more intense parts of snowstorms, icy runways are not the only aviation concern. From an even simpler perspective, intense parts of given snowstorms inherently have heavier falling and/or blowing snowfall which will often lead to reduced visibilities. Hence, the reduced visibilities associated with more intense snowstorms can create insufficient aviation-based conditions for takeoffs and/or landings which makes for very hazardous scenarios for any aircraft which attempt to land during snowstorms. Therefore, if you make plans to travel via commercial and/or private aircraft near the time of or during a given winter storm, this can lead to tremendous travel hazards for you and your family. To learn more about other interesting aviation-based weather topics from around the world, be sure to click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz Why Are Crosswinds Dangerous for Takeoffs and Landings? (credit: Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz)9/3/2018  DISCUSSION: On any typical day at airports spread around the world, there are dozens of situations wherein aircraft encounter a common wind issue which is most commonly referred to as a crosswind. A crosswind is best defined as a stronger wind which happens to cross the shorter axis of a given airport runway. When this happens to a large enough extent (i.e., with a sufficiently strong wind speed), this often leads to increasingly more hazardous conditions for private and/or commercial aircraft which are looking to either takeoff from or land at a given airport. This is due to the fact that when there is a sufficiently strong crosswind, this can severely affect an aircraft's ability to maintain consistent, stable flight.
This happens as a result of the fact that an aircraft relies on a stable and consistent flow of air both under and over the length of each of the aircraft's wings. When there is a crosswind, this temporarily changes the orientation of the flow of the surrounding air stream which should theoretically run from the front of the aircraft to the back so as to maintain lift. However, when an aircraft encounters a crosswind during takeoff and/or landing, the crosswind compromises the ability for the aircraft to maintain stable flight due to the wind direction changing from the left or right as opposed to coming from front to back. Thus, when this occurs in close proximity to the ground during takeoff and/or landing (i.e., when the plane has a critical need for stable flight due to its need to pick-up sufficient speed for a stable, level ascension from the ground or a safe, balanced landing on the ground), it can make things incredibly dangerous for the pilots, crew, and passengers. The biggest problem of all is that crosswinds can be incredibly hard to anticipate as a pilot since they often occur without any warning at all. The only real situations where crosswinds can be somewhat anticipated is when there is a strong to severe thunderstorm approaching an airport since then airport and/or airline meteorologists can better predict how wind flow regimes may change both near and within the confines of an airport so as to better protect the aircraft assets which are relying on an accurate short-term forecast during a given thunderstorm event. Attached above is a compilation video courtesy of the Travel TV YouTube account which captures a number of different aircraft experiencing crosswind incidents of different magnitudes. To learn more about other aviation meteorology stories and topics from around the world, be sure to click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz  Image taken from the evening of Thursday, May 18, 2017, where 45 tornadoes broke out across Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, and Missouri. Have you ever wondered what happens when a flight delay occurs due to weather besides the frustration and confusion? Weather is the largest cause of delays for aircraft, affecting mostly airport arrivals and surprisingly worse for summer storms than winter ones. Unlike winter storms which move slowly and can be forecasted days in advance, summertime thunderstorms can develop quickly over large parts of the country and may follow a less predictable path. Some of these cells may stretch up to 60,000 feet (most commercial aircraft fly around 39,000 feet or lower). This may cause planes to detour as much as 20 or 100 miles around a line of thunderstorms, rather than flying into the tops of thunderstorms. In any case, rain or snow may slicken the runway.
The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) has a flow control program that prevents an overflow of aircraft taking off for a destination and rerouting traffic around weather. Ground stops are in place for aircraft that have not left the airport and will not be cleared for takeoff until weather conditions improve, reducing the number of flights arriving at the impacted area. Inbound planes that can’t land due to a storm affecting the airport will be asked to slow down or go into a holding pattern and often circle the airport until the storm clears. If the thunderstorms persist, the holding aircraft will have to eventually divert to other airports, wait out the bad weather, refuel, and depart later on to the original destination. If you are traveling when storms are expected, consider the possibility of delays and plan accordingly. Book flights as early in the day as possible- the afternoon and evenings will have the most potential for thunderstorms during the summer months. The next time your flight gets delayed due to severe weather, think about all the science and coordination that goes into all of it. To learn more about severe storms and their impacts on aviation, please click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Sharon Sullivan 
DISCUSSION: There is no debate whatsoever that weather and aviation do not ever mix well under any circumstances. Having said that, is important to acknowledge the fact that the aviation industry often tries to challenge the natural threats provided by severe weather (i.e., namely those threats which are generated by deep convective storms). Often times, this leads to tremendous safety and protocol issues across the mediation industry by way of commercial and/or private aircraft trying to race through developing and or request severe storms close to if not at their peak intensity. When aircraft of any size try to do this, there are quite often dangerous if not disastrous results due to aircraft encountering threats created by strong winds (i.e., often realized in the form of strong downdrafts which can affect an aircraft’s ability to maintain level flight), cloud to ground lightning, and/or large damaging hail.
Therefore, it definitely goes without saying that when private and/or commercial aircraft attempt to across peak intensity or developing convection, this can lead to major safety issues for both crew and passengers alike. In the case of a recent American Airlines departing from San Antonio, Texas and bound for Phoenix, Arizona, disaster struck when the plane attempted to steer around the periphery of a cluster of deep convective storms which were blossoming and bubbling up at the time of the plane’s approach. Hence, as the American Airlines flight made its approach through the storms, the flight ran into a part of the convective storm cluster which was intensifying more rapidly and allowed for robust hail development which greatly affected the duration of this flight. As a result of this aircraft’s encounter with the hail-producing thunderstorm, there was a forced diverted landing over in El Paso, Texas. Thus, it was a very dangerous (and arguably poor decision) to attempt to fly through this particular bout of severe weather in consideration of the inherent hail threat which increased during the evolution of this particular storm cluster. In consideration of this severe weather event, it is important to recognize that severe thunderstorms can form in an exceptionally short period of time and can have a profound impact on the aviation industry as a whole. Hence, when there is severe weather threatening, it is imperative for private and/or commercial aircraft to avoid deep convective storms at all times to remain in a safe flying environment. Above all else, it can be optimal to choose times and regions to fly through which typically do not experience major climatological severe weather impacts from deep convective storms during a given part of the year. To learn more about other aviation weather stories and/or topics from around the world, be sure to click here! © 2018 Meteorologist Jordan Rabinowitz |
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